Aklaqur Rahman Chayon^1*

¹Owner and Chief Consultant at A R Dental Maxillofacial Care & Research training Center, Dhaka Dental College. University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

*Corresponding Author:Aklaqur Rahman Chayon, Owner and Chief Consultant at A R Dental Maxillofacial Care & Research training Center, Dhaka Dental College. University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Tel: +8801957558665; Fax: +8801957558665; E-mail: chayon26@gmail.com

Citation: Aklaqur Rahman Chayon (2018) Role of LSTR in Root Canal Therapy Particularly Against

 Enterococcus Faecalis and Enterococcus Faecium.Dentistry & Dentl Impl 1: 101.

Copyright: © 2018 Aklaqur Rahman Chayon, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: August 31, 2018; Accepted: September 19, 2018; Published: September 21, 2018.

Endodontic treatment success generally depends on the microbial suppression in the root canal and periapical region. Endodontic instrumentation alone cannot achieve a sterile condition during RCT. Sterilization of bacteria in root canal system is one of the prominent problems. Occasionally Some bacteria could remain in root canal even after using conventional medicaments. Evidence suggested that Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Enterococcus faecium caused substantial root canal infections. It is important to evaluate root canal obturation because inadequate obturation may not only produce areas where bacteria may remain and survive, but also provides routes through which bacteria may migrate to the periradicular Tissues. Radiographs have often been used to examine root canal systems and evaluate obturations of the root canal, partly because of its non-destructive nature. Consequently, elimination of such organism is important to achieve Endodontic treatment success. In addition, E. faecalis has been frequently found in re-infected root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases and re-infected root canal-treated teeth are about nine times more likely to harbor E. faecalis than cases of primary infections.

Endodontic Treatment, Re-RCT, Enterococcus Faecalis, Enterococcus Faecium.

Many studies have been directed towards finding an effective way to eradicate and/or prevent Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from gaining access to the root canal space.

Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium can gain entry into the root canal system during treatment, between appointments, or even after the treatment has been completed.

Antibiotic medium 3 was used for testing drug resistance. Antibiotic concentrations (micrograms per milliliter) used in selective plates were as follows: ciprofloxacin, minocycline and metronidazole

(0.5mg of each) MP with Bile Esculin Agar (BEA). In –vitro Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium both were culturing under LSTR(3MIX-MP) to determine the Inhibitions zones of bacterial colony.

Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Characteristics and Strains

Enterococci are gram positive cocci that can occur singly, in pairs, or as short chains. They are facultative anaerobes, possessing the ability to grow in the pres- ence or absence of oxygen, Enterococcus species live in vast quantities colony-forming units (cfu) per gram of feces] in the human intestinal lumen and under most circumstances cause no harm to their hosts [1]. They are also present in human female genital tracts and the oral cavity in lesser numbers. They catabolize a variety of energy sources including carbohydrates, glycerol, lactate, malate, citrate, arginine, agmatine, and many keto acids Enterococci sur-vive very harsh environments including extreme alkaline pH (9.6) and salt con- centrations [2]. They resist bile salts, detergents, heavy metals, ethanol, azide, and desiccation. They can grow in the range of 10 to 45°C and survive atemperature of 60°C for 30 min.

There are currently 23 Enterococci Species and these are divided into five groups based on their interaction with mannitol, sorbose, and arginine. Figure 1 & 2.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Survival and virulence factors

? Endures prolonged periods of nutritional deprivation

? Binds to dentin and proficiently invades dentinal tubules

? Alters host responses

? Suppresses the action of lymphocytes

? Possesses lytic enzymes, cytolysin, aggregation substance, pheromones, and lipoteichoic acid

? Utilizes serum as a nutritional source

? Resists intracanal medicaments (e.g. calcium hydroxide) o Maintains pH homeostasis

o Properties of dentin lessen the effect of calcium hydroxide

? Competes with other cells

? Forms a biofilm. Figure 3.

Figure 3

Study Technique or procedure

The strains were separately inoculated into tubes containing 2ml of sterile 0.9% normal saline Solution. Microorganisms suspension were inoculated into Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) media. Figure 4.

Figure 4: Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium colonies (black) growing on BEA.

Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium ATCC29212 and antibiotics disks were made from LSTR ciprofloxacin, minocycline and metronidazole (0.5mg of each) and were place in BEA Media.

Growth Conditions Temperature: 37°C. Atmosphere: Aerobic. Figure 5.

Figure 5

Studies indicate that the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium low in primary endodontic infections and high in persistent infections which inhibits by using LSTR. (3MIX-MP)

In vitro antibacterial efficiency of a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline (3Mix antibiotics), against oral bacteria of children was assessed by Sato et al. The antibiotic combinations were observed to be effective against both carious and endodontic lesions in vitro [3]. Hoshino et al determined that 25 µg each/ml of ciprofloxacin, minocycline, and metronidazole antibiotic mixture to be effective in sterilizing the infected root dentin in vitro. Sato et al studied the ability of a mixture of ciprofloxacin, minocycline and metronidazole (0.5mg of each) in an in vitro study to eliminate experimental infection in deep layers of root dentin by E.coli [4]. In other, in vitro study, the minimal inhibitory combination for ciprofloxacin and minocycline against E. faecalis and E.faecium were found to be 5 and 20 µg respectively and metronidazole was reported to have no inhibitory effect. However, as the combination (100µg each /ml) they inhibited the growth of every strain completely [5]. Thus, this suggests 3mix may be effective in persistent endodontic infection. Resistant bacteria E. faecalis may result in Root Canal Treatment (RCT) failure. It may impregnate in tiny dentinal tubules [6]. It usually not killed by most of the medicament or any single antibiotic. The present study shows that LSTR-3mix MP therapy has a significant antibacterial effect on E. faecalis when compared to a single antibiotic. Two antibiotics of LSTR- 3mix showed susceptibility with E. faecalis except for metronidazole. It was also useful in pulpotomy and pulpectomy for primary or premature permanent teeth [7].

Endodontic failures would then routinely undergo re-treatment based on the attending clinician's best judgment. A possible alternative treatment for such cases is Lesion Sterilization and Tissue Repair (LSTR) therapy. The basic concept of this therapy is the elimination of the cause of infection, in this case, bacteria, by introducing the appropriate antibacterials into the tooth thereby resulting in disinfection of the lesion and resolution of inflammation. The main component of LSTR therapy is a macrogol-propylene glycol-antibiotic mixture (3Mix-MP) enterococcus faecalis & faecium are the species most frequently isolated from failed endodontic treatments because it can survive under stress conditions imposed by root canal treatment.

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