S Sivasankari^1*, S Senthamarai¹, C Anitha¹, K Muthulakshmi¹, VM Somasunder¹, K Akila¹, J Subha¹, Sijimol¹

¹ Meenakshi Medical College & Research Inistitute, Enathur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding Author: S Sivasankari, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Inistitute, Enathur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India, TEL: 044 2726 1096; FAX: 044 2726 1096; E-mail:Murugansivasankari1@gmail.com

Citation: S Sivasankari, S Senthamarai, C Anitha, K Muthulakshmi, VM Somasunder, et al. (2019) Resistiogram Pattern of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Various Clinical Samples In & Around Kanchipuram. Allergy drugs clin immunol 3:116.

Copyright:© 2019 S Sivasankari, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received date: September 05, 2019; Accepted date: September 19, 2019; Published date: September 24, 2019.

Escherichia coli is one of the important cause of nosocomial infections in humans [1]. E.coli is widely implicated in various clinical infections as hospital acquired and community acquired [2]. Pathogenic isolates of E.coli have relatively high potentials for developing resistance. Resistance to gram negative bacteria have great concern as these organisms are becoming resistant to Penicillin, cephalosporin & monobactums [3]. Increasing bacterial resistance is now highly prevalent in developing countries and is currently worrisome problem. Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat worldwide with different resistant mechanisms [4]. The production of Extended spectrum of beta lactamase is an important mechanism which is responsible for the resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporin [5]. Among the wide array of antibiotics β lactams are widely used agents accounting for over 50% of all systemic antibiotics in use [6]. The most common cause of resistance to β lactam antibiotics is the production of β lactamases. ESBL are plasmid borne and confer multiple drug resistance making the infection severe and difficult to treat [7]. In India ESBL, E.coli ranges from 41 – 60% highest is 86% reported in 2017. Fluroquinolone antibiotics are now continued to increase, which is of great concern, which accounts 20% of HAI [8]. β lactam resistance, fluroquinolone resistance with bacterial biofilm is considered as a pathogenic treat for Nosocomial infections . E.coli is a common human pathogen being MDR, including resistance to quinolones [9]. There is always a gap in the knowledge based and this makes the patient care largely empherical. This makes physicians to prescribe multiple antibiotics which is both cost and morbidity wise increase. In order to curb the problem, some primary data on the resistance pattern is to be known for selecting appropriate drugs. Bacterial biofilm has been considered as a virulence factor contributing to infections associated with various medical devices, causing nosocomial infection [10]. The tendency of micro organism to develop biofilm has been well documented for number of medical devices. This process is particularly relevant because biofilm associated micro organisms are much more resistant to antimicrobial agents. E.coli being one of the commonest organism causing hospital acquired infections exhibits ESBL production which renders organism resistant to β lactam group of drugs leading to limited treatment options. In our hospital, E.coli is one of the common organism encountered everyday in routine culture reporting. Hence this study done to know the prevalence of ESBL E.coli, their resistance pattern and their virulence factors.

To study the prevalence of bacterial resistance in relation to biofilm forming E.coli from various clinical samples. To do of follow of the study for 2 yrs.

Objectives: To isolate and identify E.coli from various clinical sample. To study the drug resistance among the E.coli isolates by Kirby bauer disc diffusion method. To study the biofilm formation in relation to drug resistance. To study the ESBL & MBL production among E.coli isolates.

Source of data: Meenakshi Medical College hospital & Research Institute. Ethical committee approval was obtained. Study period: Sep 2017 to Dec 2017. Sample size: Sample included were Urine, Sputum, Pus & wound swab. Samples of urine, sputum, pus & swabs were all collected as per standard precautions & aseptically [11]. Identification done based on colony Morphology, staining series of biochemical tests as per standard protocol [12]. Antibiogram done by kirby bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines for Gentamicin(10µg), Norfloxacin(10µg), amikacin(30µg), nitrofurantoin (300µg), nalidixic acid(30µg), cotrimaxazole(25µg), amoxyclave(30µg), ofloxacin(5µg), levofloxacin(5µg), ceftazidime(30µg), cephotaxime(30µg), ciprofloxacin(10µg), imipeneme10µg), ceftriaxone(30μg), Cefepime(30μg) [13]. If the isolate were resistant to 5 or more classes of drugs, it is taken as multidrug resistant. MIC done for the highest resistance of the drug. Detection of the biofilm was done by cong. Red agar method [14]. ESBL detection done by double disc diffusion method of ceftazidime and ceftazidime + clavulanic acid. Isolates resistance to carbapenems are screened for MBL. Imipenem – EDTA combined disc test done for MBL detection. MIC done for the Maximum resistant drug according to CLSI guidelines (ciprofloxcin≥4µg/ml).

In our study total of 235 E.coli were isolated from 1522 samples. E.coli isolated from urine, 56% (13.2 )were predominant, followed by pus 34% (32) &9.2%(22) sputum. Many studies done in India, Aishwarya et al 2018 showed the E.coli predominant isolation from urine samples [20]. In our study, in the age distribution, more number of isolates seen in reproductive age group female preponderance is more. This could be due to the changes in vaginal pH during pregnancy. Similar studies done by, sanjo et al 2017 [21]. In our study E.coli showed maximum resistance to nalidixic acid(50.6%) followed by cotrimaxozole (41.7%) similar studies done by sanjo et al 2017 [21]. In our study Gentamicin resistance is 52.76% this is slightly lower with zohreh et al 2018 who also reported 62.25% resistance to Gentamicin. Fluroquinolone resistance varies from region to region [4]. The highest Fluroquinolone resistance were reported to be 75% in UTI infection [15]. MDR is pervasive and a growing clinical problem, which is a threat and increasing economic burden due to over usage of antibiotics [16]. Nosocomial E.coli are more common nowadays, because of MDR pattern is raising [17]. In our study 169 (46.38%) were found to be MDR. This is concordant with a study done by Aishwarya et al 2018 also reported 43.12% of MDR E.coli. In our study 53 (22.55%) isolates were ESBL positive and 1 isolate was MBL positive similar findings were also reported kaur J etal [18,19]. Overall prevalence of ESBL producer were found to vary greatly in different geographical areas and in different institutes. Several studies in India have reported ESBL production varying from 20% to 84% [21]. Among the 169 MDR strains 29 (12.34%) were found to be strong biofilm produces similar studies done by Jayanthi Ray et al 2015 showed 14.2% of E.coli were biofilm produces & all were MDR E.coli [22].

A total of 235 E.coli isolates were isolated from various clinical samples. (Urine, Pus, Sputum). Majority of E.coli isolates were from urine (169) followed by pus (84). High prevalence of E.coli infection was seen in females (132) than Males (n=103). Percentage of isolation were seen more in age group of 20 – 40 yrs in females & more than 60 yrs in males. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed a high resistance of ciprofloxacin 57.61% and also for 3^rd generation Cephalosporin 62.97%. Minimal resistance encountered for Imipenem (8.9%) and hence still the drug of choice. The 135 ciprofloxacin resistant strains were subjected to MIC by agar dilution method and based on the interpretation of CLSI breakpoints were in the range of 8 to > 32µg/ml. Among 235 isolates, 169 (46.38%) were multidrug resistant.53 (22.55%) were ESBL producers & 1 were MBL producer. In our study biofilm producers were found to be 29 (17.34%). Ability of biofilm formation of clinical strains is the major virulence determinal of E.coli and results demonstrate that the presence of E.coli in harsh conditions may develop more pathogenic potential due to genetic changes and gene transfer mechanisms [14].

The present study clearly highlights that ESBL producers were resistant to 3^rd generation Cephalosporin but still sensitive to Imipenem. In view of MDR E.coli, certain precautions were followed and the infection rate were decreasing. Antibiotic policy created and recycling of drugs were done routinely. Infection control strategy like disinfection of wards, barrier Precautions, compulsory hand washing after nursing care. Health education done to all patients & at tenders for prevention of infection. Ciprofloxacin resistance can be used as a surrogate marker of multidrug resistance, thus limiting already restricted treatment options.

Table 6: Follow up of study

The MDR pattern, Ciprofloxacin resistance, ESBL E.coli were reducing with our strict infection control practices since Jan 2018 with our effective infection control practices like hand washing & wearing proper PPE & antibiotic policy , strict disinfection practices. So the infection rates have started to taper down since 1 year.

With the strict infection control strategies and by routine antibiotic surveillance & providing health education of standard precautions & infection control measures, the multidrug resistance controlled and prevented. The infection control team supervises the surveillance, Antimicrobial stewardship program, policy making & provided health education to all to minimize the infection.

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